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[36] The Pitha is an amplified Prithvimandala in which, according to some texts, the central space is occupied by earth. The word Veda covers all Veda-Sakhas known to humanity. Sri Vishnusahasranamam contains 1008 Names of Sri Mahavishnu. Patrick Olivelle (2013), King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kauá¹­ilya's Arthaśāstra, Oxford UK: Oxford University Press. Accordingly, a slum on the east facing side of his office was ordered to be demolished, to make way for his car's entrance. Other texts, such as Pancaratra Prasada Prasadhana compiled by Daniel Smith[27] and Silpa Ratnakara compiled by Narmada Sankara[28] provide a more extensive list of Hindu temple types. A. abhasa [pronunciation: aabhaas]: reflection of consciousness abhijna [ubhij^na]: direct perception abhimana [ubhimaan]: attachment abhyasa [ubhyaas]: practice abhyasi [ubhyaasi]: one who practices achala [uchul]: unmoving; hill or mountain achit [uchit]: not sentient acharya [uchurya]: scholar, learned man; a term of respect adhama [ ]: lowest grade adhara [aadhaar]: support [18] Mayan is mentioned throughout Indian literature. Other genres include Vedas, Upanishads, Vedangas, Itihasa, Puranas, Bhasyas, and Subhashitas.[26]. An example of a Sutra is Patanjali's Yogasutras (considered a classic Hindu treatise), while an example of Shastra is Hemachandra's Yogasastra (considered a classic Svetambara Jain treatise), both on yoga. Prabhu, Balagopal, T.S and Achyuthan, A, "Manusyalaya candrika- An Engineering Commentary", Vastuvidyapratisthanam, Kozhikode, New Edition, 2011. Rama Rao was advised that his problems would be solved if he entered his office from an east facing gate. Svastika Mansion: A Silpa-Sastra in the 1930s. The Sanskrit word vāstu means a dwelling or house with a corresponding plot of land. 59, No. Mahanti and Mahanty (1995 Reprint), Śilpa Ratnākara, Orissa Akademi. [8][39] In the design of Chandigarh city, Le Corbusier incorporated modern architecture theories with those of Vastu Shastra. The Sthandila mandala is used in a concentric manner. [9] Ancient Vastu Shastra principles include those for the design of Mandir (Hindu temples),[10] and the principles for the design and layout of houses, towns, cities, gardens, roads, water works, shops and other public areas.[5][11][12]. JDM Derrett (1973), Geschichte, Volume 1, Series Editor: Alex Comfort and Charles Fowkes (1993), The Illustrated Koka Shastra: Medieval Indian Writings on Love Based on the Kama Sutra, Simon & Schuster. These contain Vastu-Vidya (literally, knowledge of dwelling). [23], Sutras are another genre of Indian texts that emerged in the 1st millennium BCE, particularly after the 600 BCE. Vaimanika Shastra or Vymaanika-shaastra is a very strange illustrated book about ancient flying machines from Hindu India. John Bowker (2012), The Message and the Book: Sacred Texts of the World's Religions, Yale University Press. Another example of a calque is the French word “bienvenu” and variants in other Romance languages. [36], The most important mandala is the Manduka/Chandita Mandala of 64 squares and the Paramasaayika Mandala of 81 squares. They range from 1x1 to 32x32 (1024) square sites. [15], The foundation of vastu is traditionally ascribed to the mythical sage Mamuni Mayan who is believed to be first author and the creator of vasthu shastra and expert in vastu constructions of ancient times. ... sarawali, paramartha – sar and lok shastra. [42][43][44], During the colonial rule period of India, town planning officials of the British Raj did not consider Vastu Vidya, but largely grafted Islamic Mughal era motifs and designs such as domes and arches onto Victorian-era style buildings without overall relationship layout. [47] Some architects, particularly during India's colonial era, considered it arcane and superstitious. "This is far from the truth. The word is generally used as a suffix in the Indian literature context, for technical or specialized knowledge in a defined area of practice.. Shastra has a similar meaning to English -logy, e.g. James Lochtefeld (2002), "Dharma Shastras" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. Among the various Shastras, Manu's code of law has been among the most studied as the colonial British government attempted to establish different laws in British India based on Sharia for Muslims and Manu's code of law. [25], Shastras and Sutras are among the numerous other genres of literature that has survived from ancient and medieval India. Chant 108 names of Lord Ganesha that signify his every divine quality. It contains esentialtruth and is as concise as the meaning itself. An early use of the term śāstra with reference to the literature on dharma is found in the vārttika of Kātyāyana, who uses the expression dharmaśāstra[15], Shastras are predominantly post-Vedic literature, that is after about 500 BCE. [7][8], Vastu Shastra are the textual part of Vastu Vidya - the broader knowledge about architecture and design theories from ancient India. [50] Scientist and astronomer Jayant Narlikar considers Vastu Shastra as pseudoscience and writes that Vastu does not have any "logical connection" to the environment. 26-49, Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations, "Astronomy, pseudoscience and rational thinking", "GOLDEN PRINCIPLES OF VASTU SHASTRA Vastukarta", "Vaastu Shastra: Ancient Science for Modern times", "Globalisation Traumas and New Social Imaginary: Visvakarma Community of Kerala", Silpa Prakasa Medieval Orissan Sanskrit Text on Temple Architecture, "Vastu for Beginners | Vastu Purusha Story | Vastu Shastra", "Le Corbusier's research-based design approaches", "Akshaya Tritiya and the great Indian superstition industry", Bibliography of Ancient Sanskrit Treatises on Architecture and Arts, Indian Architectural Theory: Contemporary Uses of Vastu Vidya, Vaastu: the Indian art of placement : design and decorate homes to reflect eternal spiritual principles, Vastu: Transcendental Home Design in Harmony with Nature, List of works designed with the golden ratio, Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art, European Society for Mathematics and the Arts, Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vastu_shastra&oldid=1010403368, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Maha-agamas (28 books, each with 12 to 75 chapters), Aramadi Pratishtha Paddhati (includes garden design), Kshetra Nirmana Vidhi (preparation of land and foundation of buildings including temples), Gargya samhita (pillars, doors, windows, wall design and architecture), Griha Pithika (types of houses and their construction), Ghattotsarga Suchanika (riverfront and steps architecture), Vastu sarani (measurement, ratio and design layouts of objects, particularly buildings), Devalaya Lakshana (treatise on construction of temples), Dhruvadi shodasa gehani (guidelines for arrangement of buildings with respect to each other for harmony), Agni Purana (Chapters 42 through 55, and 106 - Nagaradi Vastu), Tachchu sastra (primarily home design for families), Manushyalaya Lakshana (primarily human dwelings), Manasollasa (chapters on house layout, mostly ancient cooking recipes), Raja griha nirmana (architecture and construction principles for royal palaces), Visvakarma prakasa (home, roads, water tanks and public works architecture), IVVRF (2000), Journal Of International Conference Vastu Panorama 2000, Main Theme - The Study of Energetic Dimension of Man and Behavior of Environment, IVVRF (2004), Journal Of International Conference Vastu Panorama 2004, IVVRF (2008), Journal Of International Conference Vastu Panorama 2008, Main Theme - Save Mother earth and life- A Vastu Mission, IVVRF (2012), Journal Of International Conference Vastu Panorama 2012, Main Theme- Vastu Dynamics for Global Well Being. (...) All the editions of the MDh, except for Jolly's, reproduce the text as found in the [Calcutta] manuscript containing the commentary of Kulluka. The term vedāṅgaśāstrāṇām, refers to the śāstra of the Vedāṅgas. South Asian Studies, 13(1), pp 87-97. While everything seems to be debunked and even the author admits that the entire content is based upon dreamlike visions, the content is widely used to ignite theories about a golden ancient era in India where people build flying machines. Ganapati Sastri (1920), Īśānaśivagurudeva paddhati, Trivandrum Sanskrit Series. Some treatises, or books with chapters on Vaastu Shastra include:[5], Architecture and design-related texts of India. Sachdev and Tillotson state that the mandala is a guideline, and employing the mandala concept of Vāstu Śastra does not mean every room or building has to be square. Narlikar notes that sometimes the building plans are changed and what has already been built is demolished to accommodate for Vastu rules. [7][31] In north India, Brihat-samhita by Varāhamihira is the widely cited ancient Sanskrit manual from 6th century describing the design and construction of Nagara style of Hindu temples. Susan Lewandowski (1984), Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment, edited by Anthony D. King, Routledge, LD Barnett, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol 4, Issue 2, June 1926, pp 391. H. Daniel Smith (1963), Ed. [17] Theories tracing links of the principles of composition in vastu shastra and the Indus Valley Civilization have been made, but scholar Kapila Vatsyayan is reluctant to speculate on such links given the Indus Valley script remains undeciphered. [6] The designs aim to integrate architecture with nature, the relative functions of various parts of the structure, and ancient beliefs utilising geometric patterns (yantra), symmetry, and directional alignments. The MDh (Manusmriti) was the first Indian legal text introduced to the western world through the translation of Sir William Jones in 1794. [2] Regarding superstitious beliefs in Vastu, Science writer Meera Nanda cites the case of N. T. Rama Rao, the ex-chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, who sought the help of Vastu consultants for his political problems. More than 50,000 books touch upon Indology, Sanskrit literature and Hindu religious texts, including the Vedas and other scriptures. Olle Quarnström (2002), The Yogaśāstra of Hemacandra: A Twelfth Century Handbook of Śvetāmbara Jainism, Harvard University Press, Ludwik Sternbach (1973), Subhashita – A forgotten chapter in the histories of Sanskrit literature, in Indologica Taurinensia, Torino, Vol I, pages 169–254. The shastras do not present life as it was lived. Vastu shastra (vāstu śāstra - literally "science of architecture"[2]) is a traditional Indian system of architecture originating in India. [3][18][19], The shastras are both descriptive and prescriptive. Rather they reveal an idea of what life should be. Shastra (शास्त्र, IAST: Śāstra, IPA: [ʃaːst̪rə]) is a Sanskrit word that means "precept, rules, manual, compendium, book or treatise" in a general sense. [37], A site of any shape can be divided using the Pada Vinyasa. Similarly, the Vedāṅgajyotiá¹£a uses the term to refer to astronomical treatises. [5] In some cases, the manuscripts are partially lost, some are available only in Tibetan, Nepalese or South Indian languages, while in others original Sanskrit manuscripts are available in different parts of India. [9] Vastu Vidya knowledge is a collection of ideas and concepts, with or without the support of layout diagrams, that are not rigid. Dharma constitutes the subject matter of the Dharma-sutras, religious manuals that are the earliest source of Hindu law, and in the course of time has been extended into lengthy compilations of law, the Dharma-shastra. [8][39], The pink city Jaipur in Rajasthan was master planned by Rajput king Jai Singh and built by 1727 CE, in part around Vastu Shilpa Sastra principles. [48], German architect Klaus-Peter Gast states that the principles of Vāstu Śastras is witnessing a major revival and wide usage in the planning and design of individual homes, residential complexes, commercial and industrial campuses, and major public projects in India, along with the use of ancient iconography and mythological art work incorporated into the Vastu vidya architectures. [19] According to Chakrabarti, Vastu Vidya is as old the Vedic period and linked to the ritual architecture. Sanskrit is an ancient and classical language of India in which ever first book of the world Rigveda was compiled. In contrast, a Shastra is typically longer, with more detail and explanations. [39][45] Other architects state that critics have not read the texts and that most of the text is about flexible design guidelines for space, sunlight, flow and function. Prabhu, Balagopal, T.S and Achyuthan, A, "A text Book of Vastuvidya", Vastuvidyapratisthanam, Kozhikode, New Edition, 2011. [45][47] The design and completion of a new city of Jaipur in early 1700s based on Vāstu Śastra texts, well before any colonial era public projects, was one of many proofs. Examples of mandalas with the corresponding names of sites include:[7], Vāstu Śastra represents a body of ancient concepts and knowledge to many modern architects, a guideline but not a rigid code. They will get into a barrage of "ancient" texts and "science" that smack of the pseudo-science of astrology. [21] Varahamihira's Brihat Samhita dated to the sixth century CE, states Meister, is the first known Indian text that describes "something like a vastupurusamandala to plan cities and buildings". [45][47] Other examples include modern public projects designed by Charles Correa such as Jawahar Kala Kendra in Jaipur, and Gandhi Ashram in Ahmedabad. 2000), pp. Amritlal Savchand Gopani (1989), The Yoga Shastra of Hemchandracharya: A 12th Century Guide to Jain Yoga, Prakrit Bharti Academy, Sanskrit: इति गुह्यतमं. Alice Boner and Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā (1966). Vastu-Silpa Kosha, Encyclopedia of Hindu Temple architecture and Vastu/S.K.Ramachandara Rao, Delhi, Devine Books, (Lala Murari Lal Chharia Oriental series), This page was last edited on 5 March 2021, at 08:21. However, in the Manduka Mandala the Vastu Purusha is depicted with the head facing east and the feet facing west. Dharma-sastras, for example, contain opposing views and contradictory theories. Rather, these ideas and concepts are models for the organisation of space and form within a building or collection of buildings, based on their functions in relation to each other, their usage and the overall fabric of the Vastu. [26] Silpa Prakasa describes the geometric principles in every aspect of the temple and symbolism such as 16 emotions of human beings carved as 16 types of female figures. The vrddhi, vāstu, takes the meaning of "the site or foundation of a house, site, ground, building or dwelling-place, habitation, homestead, house".The underlying root is vas "to dwell, live, stay, reside". [7][23] By 6th century AD, Sanskrit manuals for constructing palatial temples were in circulation in India. However, it is unclear when various Shastras were composed and completed. Ancient Sanskrit manuals for temple construction discovered in Rajasthan, in northwestern region of India, include Sutradhara Mandana's Prasadamandana (literally, manual for planning and building a temple) with chapters on town building. [24] Sutra (literally "binding thread") denotes a distinct type of literary composition from Shastra. For example, in Saurastra tradition of temple building found in western states of India, the feminine form, expressions and emotions are depicted in 32 types of Nataka-stri compared to 16 types described in Silpa Prakasa. The underlying root is vas "to dwell, live, stay, reside". Please send me link / Names of basic books on Vastu Shastra. Other ancient texts found expand these architectural principles, suggesting that different parts of India developed, invented and added their own interpretations. Ask them where they were before the construction boom and if they will go to slum tenements to advise people or advise on low-cost community-housing—you draw a blank. Stella Kramrisch (1976), The Hindu Temple Volume 1 & 2. [8][40] Similarly, modern era projects such as the architect Charles Correa's designed Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya in Ahmedabad, Vidhan Bhavan in Bhopal,[41] and Jawahar Kala Kendra in Jaipur, adapt and apply concepts from the Vastu Shastra Vidya. [8] The basic theme is around core elements of central space, peripheral zones, direction with respect to sunlight, and relative functions of the spaces. Vāstu-Śastras (literally, science of dwelling) are ancient Sanskrit manuals of architecture. This is in part because they represent an ideal of human behaviour, while at the same time recognising the need to account for likely failings. The Sanskrit word Veda is derived from the root Vid, meaning to know without limit. These styles were perfected in Hindu temples prevalent in eastern states of India. [7][30] Isanasivagurudeva paddhati is another Sanskrit text from the 9th century describing the art of building in India in south and central India. The shastra texts constitute one of the great bodies of literature of the ancient world. ... Vedic Mathematics forms part of Jyotish Shastra which is one of the six parts of Vedangas. [39][45] In contrast, public projects in the colonial era were forced into crowded spaces and local layout constraints, and the ancient Vastu sastra were viewed with prejudice as superstitious and rigid about a square grid or traditional materials of construction. [13] The vrddhi, vāstu, takes the meaning of "the site or foundation of a house, site, ground, building or dwelling-place, habitation, homestead, house". [16] According to Jessie Mercay, Chancellor and Professor (Volunteer) at American University of Mayonic Science and Technology, authentic vaastu science is based upon ancient principles discovered thousands of years ago by a rishi scientist/carpenter named Mamuni Mayan. [8][38] Vastu Shastra remedies have also been applied by Khushdeep Bansal in 1997 to the Parliament complex of India, when he contented that the library being built next to the building is responsible for political instability in the country. One such Vāstu Śastra is by Thakkura Pheru, describing where and how temples should be built. Kātyāyana, Patañjali and Pāṇini's AṣṭādhyāyÄ« use the term. [26] Silpa Prakasa provides brief introduction to 12 types of Hindu temples. [39][49], Vastu Shastra is considered as pseudoscience by rationalists like Narendra Nayak of Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations. तया शिवमशिवमित्युद्दिशन्त्यशिवं शिवमिति वेदादिशास्त्रहिंसकधर्माभिध्यानमस्त्विति, The term is found in other Upanishads as well as in Bhagavad Gita such as in verses 15.20, 16.23–16.24, and 17.1.[14]. The literature of late 1st millennium BCE such as Arthashastra,[17] and Shastras of various fields of knowledge from the early 1st millennium period is of great interest as it helped the emergence of diverse schools and the spread of Indian religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism in and outside South Asia. The authenticity of the manuscripts is also unclear, as many versions of the same text exist, some with major differences. The Sanskrit word vāstu means a dwelling or house with a corresponding plot of land. The normal position of the Vastu Purusha (head in the northeast, legs in the southwest) is as depicted in the Paramasaayika Mandala. Doniger, Wendy, The Hindus, An Alternative History, Oxford University Press, 2010. The Silpa Prakasa of Odisha, authored by Ramachandra Bhattaraka Kaulachara sometime in ninth or tenth century CE, is another Vāstu Śastra. [45] Sachdev and Tillotson state that these prejudices were flawed, as a scholarly and complete reading of the Vāstu Śastra literature amply suggests the architect is free to adapt the ideas to new materials of construction, local layout constraints and into a non-square space. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing. Vibhuti / Bhasma / Thiruneeru – Meaning, Significance and it’s Glorious Attributes ... Vastu Shastra for success of love relationships. [29] Manasara shilpa and Mayamata, texts of South Indian origin, estimated to be in circulation by 5th to 7th century AD, is a guidebook on South Indian Vastu design and construction. [51] The knowledge of Vastu consultants is questioned by Pramod Kumar (citation required), "Ask the Vaastu folks if they know civil engineering or architecture or the local government rules on construction or minimum standards of construction to advise people on buildings. [3] Texts from the Indian subcontinent describe principles of design, layout, measurements, ground preparation, space arrangement, and spatial geometry. Amita Sinha (1998), Design of Settlements in the Vaastu Shastras, Journal of Cultural Geography, 17(2), pp 27-41, Tillotson, G. H. R. (1997). [17] Mayan is the one of the five sons of Vishwakarma. James Lochtefeld (2002), "Shastra" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. Most notably, he built the city of Dwarka for Krishna. Taken together, the phrase refers to the science or study of architecture and design. [11][12] While it is unclear, states Barnett,[25] as to whether these temple and town planning texts were theoretical studies and if or when they were properly implemented in practice, the manuals suggest that town planning and Hindu temples were conceived as ideals of art and integral part of Hindu social and spiritual life.[15]. [24] Vāstu-Śastra manuals included chapters on home construction, town planning,[15] and how efficient villages, towns and kingdoms integrated temples, water bodies and gardens within them to achieve harmony with nature. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999 (, List of vastu shastra sanskrit treatises on architecture, "Knowledge-Net of Amarakosha (अमरकोश-ज्ञान-जालम्)", The Unification of Wisdom and Compassion Dr. Yutang Lin, Rig Veda ऋग्वेदः मण्डल ८, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shastra&oldid=1001133371, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 18 January 2021, at 11:09. Chanting Sanskrit increases Brain Cognitive areas- “Sanskrit Effect” Nearly 1.7 Lakh Pilgrims Registered For This Year’s Amarnath Yatra. Indeed, one of the great surprises of my editorial work has been to discover how few of the over fifty manuscripts that I collated actually follow the vulgate in key readings. Heather Elgood (2000), Hinduism and the religious arts, S Bafna, On the Idea of the Mandala as a Governing Device in Indian Architectural Tradition, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. [22][32][33], These ancient Vāstu Śastras, often discuss and describe the principles of Hindu temple design, but do not limit themselves to the design of a Hindu temple. These texts were viewed by 19th and early 20th century architects as archaic, the literature was inaccessible being in an ancient language not spoken or read by the architects, and the ancient texts assumed space to be readily available. [12][35], The central area in all mandala is the Brahmasthana. It was Kulluka's version that has been translated repeatedly: Jones (1794), Burnell (1884), Buhler (1886) and Doniger (1991).